(Published July 2012)

Spermicides

Description

Spermicides are creams, foams, gels, suppositories, and films that contain a chemical that is lethal to sperm. They can be used alone or together with a barrier method. Some condoms can be purchased at the pharmacy over the counter; others are available in the family planning aisle of pharmacies and retail stores.

Use

Creams, foams, and gels are placed high up in the vagina, near the cervix, with a plastic plunger-type applicator. Spermicidal suppositories and films are inserted into the vagina and take 10–15 minutes to dissolve and become effective. Spermicides can be applied up to 1 hour before intercourse and must be reapplied with each act of intercourse. Women should not rinse the vagina or douche for at least 6 hours after the last act of intercourse.

Effectiveness

This method is somewhat effective. Spermicides have a failure rate of 28 percent with typical use.⁷

Risks

• Possible mucosal damage to the vagina and cervix with high or prolonged exposure.⁴²
• The risk of unintended pregnancy with spermicides is 28 percent.⁷

Side Effects

Increased risk of vaginal irritation, yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, UTI, and HIV transmission with frequent use (twice daily or more).^34,42

Contraindications and Precautions

Advantages

• Over-the-counter availability
• Easy to use
• Easily reversible

Disadvantages

• Lower effectiveness compared with most other contraceptive methods
• Increased risk of vaginal irritation and infection with prolonged use
• No protection against STIs

Counseling Messages

• Spermicides can be used alone but are most effective when used with barrier methods.
• Spermicides do not protect against STIs.
• If used frequently, spermicides can increase the risk of vulvovaginal irritation, vaginal infection, and HIV transmission.